Active and Passive Voice Chart: All Rules, Formulas & Hindi Meaning (Class 9th to 12th)

Active & Passive Voice (हिंदी में समझें)

Active Voice (कर्ता प्रधान): इसमें Subject (काम करने वाला) मुख्य होता है।
Example: I write a letter. (मैं पत्र लिखता हूँ।)

Passive Voice (कर्म प्रधान): इसमें Object (जिस पर काम हुआ) मुख्य होता है।
Example: A letter is written by me. (पत्र मेरे द्वारा लिखा जाता है।)

Golden Rule (सुनहरा नियम):
Passive Voice में हमेशा Verb की 3rd Form (V3) का ही प्रयोग होता है।

★ Pronoun Changes (Subject ⇄ Object)

Active Subject	Change to	Passive Object
I (मैं)	→	By Me (मेरे द्वारा)
We (हम)	→	By Us (हमारे द्वारा)
You (तुम)	→	By You (तुम्हारे द्वारा)
He (वह-पु.)	→	By Him (उसके द्वारा)
She (वह-स्त्री.)	→	By Her (उसके द्वारा)
They (वे)	→	By Them (उनके द्वारा)

Master Chart: Rules & Examples

Tense	Active Voice (Rule & Example)	Passive Voice (Rule & Example)
1. Present Tense
Indefinite	Rule: V1 / s,es / Do, Does Ex: He writes a letter. (वह पत्र लिखता है।)	Rule: Obj + is/am/are + V3 + by Sub Ex: A letter is written by him. (पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा जाता है।)
Continuous	Rule: is/am/are + V1+ing Ex: He is writing a letter. (वह पत्र लिख रहा है।)	Rule: Obj + is/am/are + being + V3... Ex: A letter is being written by him. (पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा जा रहा है।)
Perfect	Rule: has/have + V3 Ex: He has written a letter. (वह पत्र लिख चुका है।)	Rule: Obj + has/have + been + V3... Ex: A letter has been written by him. (पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा जा चुका है।)
2. Past Tense
Indefinite	Rule: V2 / Did Ex: He wrote a letter. (उसने पत्र लिखा।)	Rule: Obj + was/were + V3... Ex: A letter was written by him. (पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा गया।)
Continuous	Rule: was/were + V1+ing Ex: He was writing a letter. (वह पत्र लिख रहा था।)	Rule: Obj + was/were + being + V3... Ex: A letter was being written by him. (पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा जा रहा था।)
Perfect	Rule: had + V3 Ex: He had written a letter. (वह पत्र लिख चुका था।)	Rule: Obj + had + been + V3... Ex: A letter had been written by him. (पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा जा चुका था।)
3. Future Tense
Indefinite	Rule: will/shall + V1 Ex: He will write a letter. (वह पत्र लिखेगा।)	Rule: Obj + will/shall + be + V3... Ex: A letter will be written by him. (पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा जाएगा।)
Perfect	Rule: will/shall + have + V3 Ex: He will have written a letter. (वह पत्र लिख चुका होगा।)	Rule: Obj + will/shall + have + been + V3... Ex: A letter will have been written by him. (पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा जा चुका होगा।)

❌ No Passive Voice Rules (इनका Passive नहीं बनता):

1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
2. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
3. Future Continuous Tense
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
5. Intransitive Verbs (बिना कर्म वाली क्रिया, जैसे: Sleep, Go, Laugh).

4. Modals (Can, Could, Should, Must) Rules

Rule: Modal Verbs के बाद 'be' लगाकर V3 का उपयोग करें।

Formula: Object + Modal + be + V3 + by Subject

Can	Active: I can lift this box. (मैं यह बॉक्स उठा सकता हूँ।) Passive: This box can be lifted by me. (यह बॉक्स मेरे द्वारा उठाया जा सकता है।)
Should	Active: You should help him. (तुम्हें उसकी मदद करनी चाहिए।) Passive: He should be helped by you. (उसकी मदद तुम्हारे द्वारा की जानी चाहिए।)

5. Imperative Sentences (आदेश/निवेदन)

Type A: With Object (Command)

Rule: Let + Object + be + V3

• Active: Open the door. (दरवाजा खोलो।)
• Passive: Let the door be opened. (दरवाजा खोला जाए।)

Type B: Without Object / Request

Rule: You are requested to / ordered to + V1...

• Active: Please help me. (कृपया मेरी मदद करें।)
• Passive: You are requested to help me. (आपसे मदद करने का निवेदन किया जाता है।)
• Active: Go away! (चले जाओ!)
• Passive: You are ordered to go away. (आपको जाने का आदेश दिया जाता है।)

6. Infinitive (To + V1 Rules)

Rule: 'To + V1' को 'To + be + V3' में बदलें।

• Active: I am to buy a car. (मैं कार खरीदने वाला हूँ।)
• Passive: A car is to be bought by me. (एक कार मेरे द्वारा खरीदी जानी है।)
• Active: I have to do it. (मुझे यह करना है।)
• Passive: It has to be done by me. (यह मेरे द्वारा किया जाना है।)

7. Sentences starting with 'Who'

Rule: 'Who' को 'By Whom' में बदलें।

• Active: Who wrote this letter? (यह पत्र किसने लिखा?)
• Passive: By whom was this letter written? (यह पत्र किसके द्वारा लिखा गया?)

8. Special Rules (By का प्रयोग नहीं होगा)

कुछ Verbs के साथ 'By' नहीं लगता, बल्कि fixed Preposition लगती है:

Know, Oblige	→ takes 'To'	Active: I know him. (मैं उसे जानता हूँ।) Passive: He is known to me.
Surprise, Astonish	→ takes 'At'	Active: His result surprised me. Passive: I was surprised at his result.
Please, Satisfy	→ takes 'With'	Active: He pleased me. Passive: I was pleased with him.
Contain, Interest	→ takes 'In'	Active: This box contains ink. Passive: Ink is contained in this box.

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